Essay Outlines

As we discussed in class today...

LF is necessary to make the welfare state more productive.

Great wealth is generated and there are many benefits

Flawed assumptions

Economic

How wealth was created

Infallibility of markets

Environment/ Health and Safety

Market manipulations

Monopoly

Unions and the Labor market

Human nature is corrupt

Corruption/Greed


LF worked, but regulations are necessary to fill in the gaps

Great wealth produced

Massive decline in prices of goods

Higher Standard of Living for all

Problems get solved through democratic actions

Corruption

Health/Safety/ Pollution

Abuses of every kind are reigned in

Evidence from Chapter 9

Chapter 9 Evidence


-An 1884 Government Report pg. 291- "The work is dangerous... [they] are liable to get their fingers jammed under the bench, or caught in the die when it comes down to press parts of the button together."

-A Pennsylvanian Newspaper, The Luzerne Union pg 292- "During the past week, nearly one boy a day has been killed, and the public has become so familiar with these calamities that no attention after the first announcement through a newspaper or friend."

-Senator Henry Cabot Lodge pg 303- "bear most heavily upon the Italians, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, and Asiatics... races most effected by the test are those who[m] emigration has... swelled rapidly... and who are most alien to the great body of the United States."

-Jane Addams pg 308- "[T]he streets were inexpressibly dirty... the street lighting bad. ...houses have no water save the faucet in the back yard; there are no fire escapes..."

-Jacqueline Shaw Lowell pg 310- "[There are] five hundred thousand wage earners in this city, 200,000 of them women, and 75,000 of those working under dreadful conditions.... If the working people had all they ought to have, we should not have the paupers and the criminals.... It is better to save them before they go under than to spend your life.... taking care of them afterwards."

Statistics:
-pg 290- With the growth of industry, the number of factory workers rose from about 900,000 in 1860 to more than 3.2 million in 1890.

-pg 290- Work days of 10 to 14 hours were common. Although real wages- wages adjusted to for inflation- rose more than 10 percent between 1870 and 1900, the average income remained inadequate.

-pg 296 to 297- Membership in the knights soared from 100,000 in 1885 to 700,000 in less than a year.

-pg 298- Between 1890 and 1900, when other labor unions lost members, AFL membership rose from 190,000 to 500,000.

-pg 304- By 1852 there were some 25,000 Chinese men, women, and children living on the Pacific Coast and thereafter they came at a rate of 4,000 a year. By the end of the 1870's, there were almost 75,000

-Pennsylvania newspaper, the Luzerne Union reported "Nearly one voy a day has been killed." (292)
-"... bear most heavily upon the Italians, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, and Asiatics..."Senator Lodge (303)
-" The streets were inexpressibly dirty...the street lighting bad...many houses have no water save the faucet in the back yard; there are no fire escapes.." (309)
-"If you wish to be happy and independent, then come here," etoyr s German farmer from his new home in Missouri. (301)
-"There are five hundred thousand wage earners in this city, 200,000 of them women, and 75,000 of those working under dreadful conditions..." Jacqueline Shaw Lowell (310)

-... 20 persons were killed in Philadelphia, and , in another Pennsylvania city, Reading, 11 were killed. (294)
-At height of the strike, more than one-half of the freight on the nation's 76,000 miles of track had stopped running. (294)
-In 1840, 1 out of every 12 Americans lived in a city with a population of more than 8,000. (305)
-By 1898 approximately 350 communities had built publicly owned electric light companies, and by 1900 more than 3,500 public waterworks had been constructed nationwide.
-With the growth of industry the number of factory workers rose from about 900,000 in 1860 in 1860 to more than 3.2 million in 1890 (290)




-"The work is dangerous...[they] are liable to get their fingers jammed under the bench, or caught in the die when it comes down to press the parts of the buttons together."
 -Pg. 291, An 1884 government report describing the conditions of women working.
-"[T]he streets were inexpressibly dirty... the street lighting bad."
 -Pg. 308, Jane Addams
-"Many houses have no water save the faucet in the  back year;there are no fire escapes"
 -Pg. 308, Jane Addams
-"[There are] five hundred thousand wage earners in this city, 200,000 of them women, and 75,000 of those working under dreadful conditions"
 -Pg. 310, Jacqueline Shaw Lowell
-"During the past week, nearly one boy a day ha been killed, and the public has become so familiar with these calamities that no attention is given them after the first announcement through a newspaper or friend."
 -Pg. 292, The Luzerne Union

Statistics-
-The three largest groups of the Old Immigrants where the Irish, the German, and the Chinese.
 -Pg.300
-There was inadequate housing, a shortage of policemen and firefighters, the city waters was impure, sewers were clogged, and there was no open space.
 -Pg.306
-factory working was unsafe because miners breathed coal dust and factory workers breath in saw dust
 -Pg.291
-3,000 workers gathered to protest at the Haymarket Square Riot
 -Pg.296
-In 1900 only 4 percent of American workers belonged to unions
 -Pg.299


-workers rose from about 900,000 to more than 3.2 million  300

-real wages rose more than 10% between 1870 and 1900 Pg. 300

-1.5 million newcomers came to the US( between 1840 and 1850) Pg. 300

-philadelphia grew from 600,000 people to 1.3 million Pg. 305

-by 1900 1 of 3 people lived in a city Pg. 305

Quotes:
1. child labor...."this work is dangerous they are liable to get their fingers jammed under the bench or caught in the die when it comes down to press the parts of buttons together"

2. " factory work was dangerous, miners breathed coal, factory workers breathed sawdust and other kinds of harmful dust"

3.“Perhaps no other factor was more responsible for the growth of America rather than industrialization

4." a flood of important inventions helped increase americas productive capacity"

5.“perhaps no other factor was more responsible for the growth of industry than the nation’s railroads.
5.





"the work is dangerous"
"they are liable to get their fingers jammed under the bench, or caught in the die when it comes down to press the parts of the buttons together"
"Nearly one boy a day has been killed"
"The public has become so firmiliar with these calamities"
"No attention is given to them after the first announcement"

Statistics
1) about 900,000 in 1860 to more than 3.2. million in 1990
2)wages adjusted for inflation rose more than 10 percent between 1870 and 1900
3)averaging more than one third of a million a year between 1870 and 1900
4)Union membership dropped from more than 300,000 to 50,000
5)an additional 1.5 million newcomers journeyed to the United States.



(pg. 291) "During the past week, nearly one boy each day has been killed" -Government reporter in Boston
2. (pg. 292) "The work is dangerous [they] are liable to get their fingers jammed under the bench, or caught in the die." -Pennsyvannia Newspaper
3. (pg. 308) "The streets were inexpressibly dirty... the street lighting bad." -Jane Addams
4. (pg. 310) "If the working people had all they ought to have, we should not have the paupers and the criminals." -Jaqueline Shaw Lowell
5. (pg. 294) "an insurrection, a revolution, an attempt of Communists and vagabonds to coerce society and endeavor to undermine American institutions." -Newspapers

1. (pg. 294) In 1877, wages were cut by 10%.
2. (pg. 297) In 1886, a group f 3,000 workers met to protest the shooting of  striking McCormick Harvest Company.
3. (pg. 299) 4% of American workers belonged to unions in 1900.
4. (pg. 300) Nearly 400,000 immagrants had come to America beginning in 1850.
5. (pg. 300) Between 1884 and 1860, about 1.5 million Irish immigrated to America.

-page 308, Jane Addams
"The streets were inexpressibly dirty.. the street lighting bad.. Many house have no water save the faucet in the back yard; there are no fire escapes

-page 309, Calvert Vaux
"a great breathing space for the toiling mass"

-page 309, (ALA) American Library Association
"the best reading for the largest number at the least"

-page 309, (ALA) American Library Association
"no less important than the schoolhouse in the system of popular education"

- Page 304
"unload the sweepings of their jails and asylums"


Statistics

-page 304
In the 1870 were wear almost 75,000 chines in California  

-page 300
the largest group of old immigrants were from Ireland, with 1.5 million   

-page 305
In 1830 chicago was the most popuated state in the US with almost 2 million

-page 305
In 1840 1 out of every 12 people iun the US lived in over popuated citys

-page 305
In 1840 New York become the second lagest city in the world

Should the Government be Laissez Faire or Welfare State? Arguments and Evidence

You can use any evidence from the 10 historians or from chapters 8, 9, or 10. Below are some of the arguments/thesis statements we discussed. Feel free to borrow. Remember, you will have to

LF never really happened, and the belief that hands off policies are good for the country is based on a flawed understanding of economics and a flawed view of human nature.

LF is really the wrong phrase. Nothing is good in extremes, but if you take as your driving principle that government should regulate and interfere as little as possible, you are off to a good start.

LF is a fig leaf thrown up to hide the fact that the rich were stealing money.

LF thinkers pretend that all regulation is destructive b/c we can’t estimate the consequences; however, nothing is so complicated that govt cant regulate major abuses.

LF generated great wealth, and despite the problems that resulted and the abuses , in the end, everyone in the US was better off.

LF could not take into account the negative externalities like damage to the environment. This will only get worse as businesses grow larger.



Govt should prevent business from getting too powerful

LF is not really LF--Govt actually helped business.

People are not being treated equally

There are a lot of horrific abuses(child labor, low pay, etc)

LF was a new idea--no one really knew how it would work out.


Workers have no way to improve their lived b/c they are desperate and need jobs.


Uhhh, they did generate a lot of cash...

Owners didn’t earn anything so they don’t deserve anything

There is too much inequality.

Govt can help and handle regulations...

Industrialism Thesis Statements

We have not reviewed all of these, but there are some good ideas in here if you are willing to do some revisions. I've added a few suggestions of my own as well. Please review them and the evidence we generated last week to help you prepare your essays.

Throughout Carnegie's and Rockefeller's hard work  they helped the government through their business, and helped other people who work at their business

One need not judge the ethical lapses of the early industrialists by modern standards to determine that they were more selfish “Robber Baron” than they were “Captains of Industry.”
Even their contemporaries pointed out how wrong their behavior was, and the subsequent union and reform movements that followed on the heels of the rise of industry confirm it.


It was a good time, the industrials took advantage of the time period that they were in, and they had one nothing wrong. There were no rules established. After big business had gotten were they were it let the US see how big and how far business and expand and be, the relations between government and business. The owners also paved a road for the future company owners fallow, should the right and wrong way the run business. It also opened up many job opportunities for Americans.

I think that they helped form the U.S. because their big bussinesses helped created jobs, their products were sold at a lower price, and helped to form the relationship between government and business.

Industrialization, with the help of Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and other major industrialists grew for the better. If it wasn't for these industrialists, we might not be as advanced as we are today. Even though some of their methods of success weren't the most desirable, they helped America in a bunch of ways like with standardization. They helped with big business which lowered prices, separate departments and expert management

It is not fair to judge historical figures by modern standards. Judged by contemporary standards, all of the great industrialists achieved great success that, in time,  brought a great deal of prosperity to a great many people.


They helped the U.S. become what it is today. I beleive that they did NOT hurt our society. Without the railroads and oil our society would not be what it is today. Without what they did we would not have an oil company which Rockefeller invented. We still use it today. Rockefeller's invention was so helpful and we still use it today. His family now still lives off the money he made a couple 100 years ago. Carnegie without him we would not have the railroad. We would have never been able to adapt to a new car system that we have today without him. These to industrialists did help our society and did help what we do and use today.

Industrialists like Carnegie and Rockefeller did make the US a better place, in my opinion. Especially Rockefeller, because they both gave to the poor, but Rockefeller did it for more than just making himself look good. They both do enrich them selves, but their not robber barons, because they don't really do it at the expense of others.

Industrialists of the 19th century may not live up to modern ethical standards, but they came along at a time of rapid change and laid the groundwork for the prosperity enjoyed by the modern world.

Industrialization Essay

Many of these quotes and statistics below could prove useful in writing your essay about whether the Age of Exploration is something to be proud of or embarrassed about. There are many more that you missed in the documents and in the text.

"By a process of pitiless testing we discover who are the strong and who are the weak" Carnegie pg 282

"Bound to be rich" Rockefeller pg 278

"was smart enough to surround himself with men far cleverer than himself" Carnegie pg 281

"The millionaires are a product of natural section" William Graham  Sumner pg 282

"Every contract, comvination, in the form of trust otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trae or commerce among the several states or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal." word of the act pg 284


pg 279- "It owns and controls the pipe lines of the producing regions that connect with the railroads... it could overbid it's competitors for crude oil in the producing regions and undersell it's competitors in the markets of the world."

pg 284- "Every contract, combination, in the form of a trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal."

pg 291- "The work is dangerous... they are liable to get their fingers jammed under the bench, or caught in the die when it comes down to press the parts of the buttons together."

pg 292- "During the past week, nearly one boy a day has been killed, and the public has become so familiar with these calamities that no attention is given them after the first announcement through a newspaper or friend."

pg 310- [There are] five hundred thousand wage earners in this city, 200000 of them women, and 75000 of those working under dreadful conditions.... If the working people had all they ought to have, we should not have paupers and the criminals.... It is better to save them before they go under than to spend your life.... taking care of them afterwards.


Pg. 279-"It owns and controls the pipelines of the producting regions...Controls both ends of these roads. Ships 90% of all oil." (it would be Standard Oil)
Pg. 284-"Every contract, combination, in the form of trust or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states or with foreign nations is hereby declared to be illegal."
Pg. 282-"The millionares are a product of natural selection, they get high wages and live in luxury, but the bargain is good for society." -William Sumner.
Pg. 267- "Such oppertunities for making money never existed before in all my expierience"- Thomas Mellon
Pg. 272- "It takes money to fix things" -Collis Huntington

-"By means of superior facilities for transportation which it thus possessed, it could overbid [its competitors for crude oil] in the producing regions and undersell [its competitors] in the markets of the world."
 -New York Legislature 1880(pg.279)

-"These new Americans were primitive souls, ruthless, predatory, capable, single-minded men;"
 -Historian Vernon L. Parrington(pg.276)

-"Honesty and good faith are scarcely regarded."
 -Charles Francis Adams Jr.(Pg.272)

-"Its moral tone is deplorably low...."
 -Charles Francis Adams Jr.(Pg.272)

- Conwell says " you have no right to be poor. It's your duty to be rich"
- "But as a matter of reason and principle, the question of capitalization concerns the stockholder and the stockholders only"
-" That any railway, anywhere in a republic, should be a monopoly is not a supposable case. If between 2 points A and B, a railway is constructed, and its charges for gares and frieght are burdensome to the public and unduly profitable to itself it will no be a long time before another railway will be lain between these points and then competition may be samfely trusted to reduce prices"
-" of every thousand dollars spint in so-called charity today, it is probable that $950 is unwisely spent"- Carnigie's views( prove waht he feels not as statistic)
- " imust say the workingwomen are discouraged. If i speak withthem they go back and don't like to speak much anout the buisness and the pay. They fear that if they say how it is they will get sent out of the shop. They hate the bosses and the formen more than the nbosses,a nd that feeling is deeep"


-"Analyze the most talked-of men of the age and one is likely to find a splendid audacity coupled with immense wastefulness."
 -Historian Vernon L. Parrington(Pg.276)




Stats

Pg. 279-1870, Rocketfeller's Standard Oil company was processing 2-3% of crude oil produce in US, 9 years later, 90% of nations refining business brought order to indusrty.
Pg. 268- By 1900 British investors owned $2.5 billion in American railroad securities-more than twice the nation debt of US.
Pg. 271- In 1860 railroads carried less than half as much freight as inland waterways, by 1890 they carried 5 x's as much.
Pg. 278- 1839 to 1937 worlds largest fortune was $1 billion.
Pg. 278- In 1890, there were 24 trusts worth $436 million. In 1900 there were 183 huge combinations with a total worth more than $3 billion.

-"By means of superior facilities for transportation which it thus possessed, it could overbid [its competitors for crude oil] in the producing regions and undersell [its competitors] in the markets of the world."
 -New York Legislature 1880(pg.279)

-"These new Americans were primitive souls, ruthless, predatory, capable, single-minded men;"
 -Historian Vernon L. Parrington(pg.276)

-"Honesty and good faith are scarcely regarded."
 -Charles Francis Adams Jr.(Pg.272)

-"Its moral tone is deplorably low...."
 -Charles Francis Adams Jr.(Pg.272)

-"Analyze the most talked-of men of the age and one is likely to find a splendid audacity coupled with immense wastefulness."
 -Historian Vernon L. Parrington(Pg.276)

1. child labor...."this work is dangerous they are liable to get their fingers jammed under the bench or caught in the die when it comes down to press the parts of buttons together"

2. " factory work was dangerous, miners breathed coal, factory workers breathed sawdust and other kinds of harmful dust"


3. "labor unions faced serios problems with organizing"


4. "Rockefeller used methods so shrewdly brutal that when they were reavealed he became on of the most hated men in america."

5. " in new jersey there were 340,000 children of school age; about 90,000 attnded full jobs


1. "perhaps no other single factor was more responsible for the grwth of industry in the US tham the expansion of the nations railroads."

2. " yet vanderbilt and other railroad entrepenors provided great benefits to"l

3. " a flood of important inventions helped increase americas productive capacity."

4. " the incandesent electric light had been demonstrated in Britan in 1879."

5. " the northrop automatic loom led to the manufacture of cloth at a faster rate."




pg 267-Between 1860 and 1890 the U.S. population more than doubled, rising from 31 million to nearly 75 million

pg 271-By the mid-1870's the amount of track had doubled, and by 1890 it had more than doubled again. In 1900 passenger and freight trains steamed along 200000 miles of rails.

pg 290-Work days of 10-14 hours were common. Although real wages-- wages adjusted for inflation-- rose more than 10% between 1870 and 1900

pg 298- Between 1890 and 1900, when other labor organizations lost members, AFL membership rose from 190000 to 500000.

- THre frieght rate on cotton goods chipped from boston to denver was 1.79 a hundredweight; if the chipment went 1400 mi further to San Fran, the total charge was only 1.50
- Had to borrow $100 at 33.33% intterest to finish law school
- Kansas Midland cast 10200 per mile. It is capitalized at 53024 per mile
- The road didn't cost Dillon a dime. It is "NOW" capitalized at $106000 per mile.
- This company owes the government $50,000,000 with accruing interest which is destined to accumulate for many years
- " i turn out 2 ot 3 times as much work per day as i did proir time before the war"

Age of Exploration Essay Evidence

Many of these quotes below could prove useful in writing your essay about whether the Age of Exploration is something to be proud of or embarrassed about. There are many more that you missed in the documents and in the text.

"I gave them red caps, and glass beads to put around their necks, and many other things of little value, wich gave them great pleasure...they afterward came to the ships boat where we were swimming and brinjging us parrots cotton thread....." pg78


"They have no arms,and are without warlike instincts; they... are so timid that a thousand would not stand before 3 of our men. So that they are good to be ordered about"- Columbus


"People of the land are dressed in skins...they use arrows in wars...and slings"- John Cabot

"At two hours after midnight, sailor Rodrigo de Triana spotted the outline of land. We fell to one knee and gave thanks to God"- Columbus pg81

"...Christopher Columbus, are going by our command, with some of our vessels and men, to discover and subdue some Islands and Continent in the ocean, and it is hoped that by God's assistance, some of the said Islands and Continent in the ocean will be discovered and conquered by your means and conduct, therefore it is but just and reasonable, that since you expose yourself to such danger to serve us, you should be rewarded for it." Letter to Columbus from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella


2." Spanish captain feeding his dogs on an Indian Babe" A picture on hippocampus under Cortez conquers the Aztecs.

1."I hope that high god in who's hand is all victory will speedidly direct us to land."- Hippocampus Cristopher Columbus

2."We fell to one knee and gave thanks to god for giving us this island, which we name San Salvador."- Hippocampus Cristopher Columbus

3."I should not proceed by land to the east, as is customary, but by a westerly route."- Hippocampus Cristopher Columbus